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Dario Fo ((:ˈdaːrjo ˈfɔ *); born 24 March 1926) is an Italian actor-playwright, comedian, singer, theatre director, stage designer, songwriter, painter and political campaigner, and recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature.〔 "Arguably the most widely performed contemporary playwright in world theatre",〔 much of his dramatic work depends on improvisation and comprises the recovery of "illegitimate" forms of theatre, such as those performed by ''giullari'' (medieval strolling players)〔Mitchell 1999, p. 4〕 and, more famously, the ancient Italian style of ''commedia dell'arte''.〔 His plays have been translated into 30 languages and performed across the world, including in Argentina, Chile, England, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, and Yugoslavia.〔〔 His work of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s is peppered with criticisms of assassinations, corruption, organised crime, racism, Roman Catholic theology and war. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, he took to lampooning Forza Italia and its leader Silvio Berlusconi, while his targets of the 2010s have included the banks amid the European sovereign-debt crisis. Also in the 2010s, he became the main ideologue of the Five Star Movement, the anti-establishment party led by Beppe Grillo,〔http://genova.repubblica.it/dettaglio-news/13:37-13:37/4434549〕 often referred by its members as "''the Master''".〔(La RAI contro il V3DAY ), ''Il blog di Beppe Grillo''〕 Fo's solo ''pièce célèbre'', titled ''Mistero Buffo'' and performed across Europe, Canada and Latin America over a 30-year period, is recognised as one of the most controversial and popular spectacles in postwar European theatre and has been denounced by the Vatican as "the most blasphemous show in the history of television".〔Mitchell 1999, p. 3〕 The title of the original English translation of ''Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga!'' (''Can't Pay? Won't Pay!'') has passed into the English language.〔 His receipt of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature marked the "international acknowledgment of Fo as a major figure in twentieth-century world theatre".〔 The Swedish Academy praised Fo as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".〔 He currently owns and operates a theatre company. Fo is an atheist.〔Dario Fo, ''Il paese dei mezaràt'', Feltrinelli, Milano, 2004〕 ==Early life and education== An eldest child, Fo was born at Leggiuno Sangiano, in Lombardy's Province of Varese, near the eastern shore of Lago Maggiore.〔 His younger brother Fulvio would become a theatre administrator, their younger sister Bianca Fo Garambois, a writer.〔 Their mother, Pina Rota Fo, from a peasant background, wrote a book of reminiscences of the area between the wars, ''Il paese delle rane'' (''Land of Frogs'', 1978).〔 Their father, Felice, was a station master for the Italian state railway, and the family frequently moved along the Swiss border when Felice was transferred to new postings.〔 Felice, a socialist, was also an actor, appearing for an amateur theatre company in works by Ibsen among others.〔Mitchell 1999, p. 47〕 Fo learned storytelling from his maternal grandfather and Lombard fishers and glassblowers. Among the places in which Fo lived during his early years was Porto Valtravaglia, a glassblowing colony in which, it has been claimed, resided the highest percentage of insane people in Italy.〔Mitchell 1999, p. 49; Mitchell's book spells it "Portoaltravaglia".〕 In 1940, Fo moved to Milan to study at the Brera Academy.〔 However, the Second World War intervened. Fo joined the fascist army of Mussolini's Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Years later, Fo supported this moot thesis: his family was active in the anti-fascist Resistance; Fo helped his father to smuggle refugees and Allied soldiers to Switzerland by disguising them as Lombard peasants.〔 His father is also thought to have helped smuggle Jewish scientists to the safety of Switzerland. As the end of the war approached, Fo joined the anti-aircraft division of the navy, anticipating an immediate discharge due to a shortage of munitions. He was mistaken and was instead dispatched to a camp in Monza at which Benito Mussolini himself arrived. Fo soon deserted with the aid of false documents and wandered for a while before joining a parachute squadron. He then deserted this as well, prompting a further unsuccessful search for the Resistance movement during which he slept rough in the countryside.〔Mitchell 1999, pp. 49–50〕 After the war Fo returned to the Brera Academy, also taking up architectural studies at the Politecnico di Milano.〔 He started a thesis on Roman architecture, but becoming disillusioned by the cheap impersonal work expected of architects after the war, he left his studies before his final examinations.〔 He had a nervous breakdown; a doctor told him to spend time doing that which brought him joy.〔Mitchell 1999, p. 50〕 He began to paint and became involved in the ''piccoli teatri'' (small theatres) movement, in which he began to present improvised monologues. He considered his artistic influences to include Beolco, Brecht, Chekhov, De Filippo, Gramsci, Mayakovsky, Molière, Shaw, and Strehler.〔Mitchell 1999, pp. 50–51; Strehler would later become Fo's chief rival in Milan, with Fo disagreeing with his interpretations of Brecht, though Brecht himself admired them.〕〔〔Mitchell 1999, p. 234. Fo declared Angelo Beolco (Ruzzante) and Molière to be his mentors: "both of them authors, actor-managers and directors of their own plays, who were treated with arrogance and contempt by the authorities and their literary lackeys, and hated because they used their stages to fight against hypocrisy and violence by making people laugh."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dario Fo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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